Short term Effects of Exercise
1. Improvement of mood, motivation, and coping skills.
2. Reduction in anxiety and depression.
3. Enhanced self-esteem, confidence, and energy levels.
4. Improved sex life for men, women, and couples.
5. Help with reducing alcohol consumption.
6. Longitudinal studies have shown that exercise is associated with maintaining self-esteem, coping skills, and life satisfaction after stressful life events.
7. A study done on the elderly shows that walking 3 times a week for 30 minutes lowered depressive symptoms significantly after 10 weeks.
8. Exercise reduced fatigue in women diagnosed with breast cancer.
9. 4-6 weeks of exercise results in a decrease of the symptoms of anxiety and stress.
10. Exercise reduces fatigue and enhances energy levels, which can improve the quality of life for cancer patients.
11. A systemic review on graded exercise showed that people who participated in the program had increased energy levels.
12. A meta-analysis of results on the psychological outcomes of exercise in cancer patients showed that exercise improved anxiety, depression, fatigue, and QOL scores.
13. Men with higher levels of aerobic fitness experienced lower self-esteem than men with moderate aerobic fitness during adolescence.
14. Exercise is associated with better coping skills in unemployed, pregnant women.
15. Exercise can reduce anxiety in children.
16. A study on adolescents showed that higher levels of aerobic fitness were inversely related to depression.
17. Aerobic exercise reduces symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
18. A study on adolescents showed that increased exercise was associated with lower anxiety.
19. Moderate-intensity exercise for 14 weeks results in a significant reduction of fatigue and depression.
20. Exercise reduces glucose levels.
21. Exercise increases the hippocampal volume which improves memory, spatial learning, and regulates neurogenesis.
22. Exercise as an adjunct treatment for schizophrenia shows that it improves clinical symptoms, neurocognitive.
23. Exercise was associated with lower anxiety in adolescents who were obese.
24. Longitudinal studies show that exercise is associated with higher self-esteem throughout the lifespan.
25. Exercise reduces fatigue in people with Parkinson’s Disease.
Long term effects of exercise:
-improved cardiovascular function.
-increased muscle mass.
-reduced body fat levels.
the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of regular aerobic exercise training in type ii diabetics on insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and left ventricular hypertrophy.
twenty-five obese patients with type ii diabetes (age: 50.9+/- 9.1 yr, serum glucose: 178+/- 50 mg/dl, and glycated hemoglobin.
7.5+/-0.9%) were divided into two groups: an aerobic exercise training group (n=15) performing 45 min of jogging at 60-70% maximal heart rate three times a week for 12 weeks and a control group (n=10) receiving standard medical care only.
The key findings of this study were as follows:
1) insulin resistance, measured by the homeostasis model assessment index, was significantly reduced after exercise training.
2) serum glucose was not influenced by regular aerobic exercise training.
3) parameters related to oxidative stress, such as superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde concentration, were significantly increased by aerobic exercise training.
4) levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly reduced after exercise training compared with the control group.
5) left ventricular mass index was moderately decreased in the exercise group.
6) left ventricular ejection fraction was not changed by aerobic exercise training.
7) mean heart rate during the treadmill stress test was significantly reduced after exercise training compared with the control group.
pyschological benefits of regular low impact, long term cardiovascular exercise:-reducing anxiety levels, depression, negative thoughts, and stress levels.
improving self-esteem, confidence, and self-worth:
increasing social interaction with family members, friends, or support groups of the same interests. therefore increasing happiness levels, life satisfaction, and overall quality of life.
the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training on the quality of life in type ii diabetes mellitus patients.
in a cross-sectional study, 30 men and 21 women with type ii diabetes mellitus were divided into two groups: an aerobic exercise training group (n=22) performing 45 min of jogging at 70% maximal heart rate three times a week for 12 weeks and a control group (n=12) receiving standard medical care only.
short term effects of exercise 24-36 hours after:-increased insulin sensitivity, increased glucose transport activity, or both.
decreased fasting plasma free fatty acid concentration decreased plasma levels of free fatty acids and glycerol after exercise. increased adiponectin level & improved beta-cell function.
immediate effects of regular cardiovascular exercise:-increase in neurohormonal factors involved in the regulation of myocardial contractility, relaxation, and cardiac filling. this causes an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output from enhanced ventricular filling, and greater utilization of oxygen.
improved lipid profile:-decreased total cholesterol levels by 5-15%. decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 8-25%.
increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 4-15%.
improved insulin sensitivity from an increase in insulin receptor number and/or decrease in intramuscular triglyceride content. this causes a decrease in fasting plasma glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin, and serum insulin concentrations.
increased fibrinolytic activity increased insulin-like growth factor-1 (30%), and decreased cortisol levels (20%). therefore improving glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells.
the exercise group did not improve their maximum oxygen consumption from baseline levels. therefore aerobic exercise training did not confer any improvement in physical fitness. the individual quality of life scores was significantly improved in the exercise group after 12 weeks of regular cardiovascular exercise.
long term effects of exercise on the muscular system:
increased muscle mass and lean body mass increased bone mineral density. therefore increasing resting metabolic rate to ~5% above baseline.
increased number of capillaries per unit area in the trained muscles. this results in higher oxidative capacity & enhanced glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells.
improved lipid profile:-decreased total cholesterol levels by 5-15%. decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 8-25%.
increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 4-15%.
improved insulin sensitivity from an increase in insulin receptor number and/or decrease in intramuscular triglyceride content. this causes a decrease in fasting plasma glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin, and serum insulin concentrations.
increased fibrinolytic activity increased insulin-like growth factor-1 (30%), and decreased cortisol levels (20%). therefore improving glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells.
long term cardiovascular exercise improves the quality of life in type ii diabetes mellitus patients. it increases insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, and insulin-like growth factor-1 level from increased fibrinolytic activity. therefore decreasing fasting plasma glucose levels & glycated hemoglobin levels.
the individual quality of life significantly improved after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training in type ii diabetes mellitus. therefore this is a reliable index for measuring the beneficial effects of regular cardiovascular exercise on quality of life in type ii diabetics.
short term effects of exercise on the muscular system:-increased muscle mass and lean body mass increased bone mineral density. therefore increasing resting metabolic rate to ~5% above baseline.
increased number of capillaries per unit area in the trained muscles. this results in higher oxidative capacity & enhanced glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells.
immediate effects of resistance training:-improve strength, power, and hypertrophy of skeletal muscle tissues. this is due to an increase in anabolic hormones such as testosterone & growth hormone.
increase lean body mass through increased protein synthesis and decreasing protein degradation.
long term effects of resistance training on the muscular system:-increased muscle mass and lean body mass increased bone mineral density. therefore increasing resting metabolic rate to ~5% above baseline.
increased number of capillaries per unit area in the trained muscles. this results in higher oxidative capacity & enhanced glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells.
decrease adipose tissue mass leading to an increase in resting metabolic rate similar to long-term cardiovascular exercise training.
increased strength, power, and hypertrophy from an increase in anabolic hormones. therefore increasing protein synthesis & decreasing protein degradation.
resistance training also has immediate effects on muscle cells:-improve strength, power, and hypertrophy of skeletal muscle tissues. this is due to an increase in anabolic hormones such as testosterone & growth hormone.
increased lean body mass through increased protein synthesis and decreasing protein degradation. therefore there are short-term benefits of resistance training on skeletal muscle tissues.
these also predict long-term positive changes in muscle physiology due to increasing muscle mass and strength, increasing resting metabolic rate similar to long-term cardiovascular exercise training and decreasing protein degradation.